Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology: 1986

The Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications Psychology is presented to a person who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, has made distinguished theoretical or empirical advances leading to the understanding or amelioration of important practical problems. In accordance with established custom, the award winner will be invited to present an address on some phase of his scientific work at the 1987 APA Convention. This year's winner, Martin T Orne, was presented with a check for $2,000 and an engrossed citation of his contribution. The award was presented by Margaret Jean Intons-Peterson, chair of the committee. Other members of the committee were Lyn Y. Abramson, Marshall Haith, Brenda Milner, Lyman Porter, and Mark Zanna. The winners since the establishment of the award are listed below.

1973 Conrad L. Kraft

1974 Gerald S. Lesser, Edward L. Palmer

1975 Nathan H. Azrin

1976 Fred S. Keller

1977 Starke R. Hathaway

1978 Alphonse Chapanis

1979 Joseph Wolpe

1980 Edwin A. Fleishman

1981 Anne Anastasi

1982 Robert M. Gagne

1983 Donald E. Super

1984 Gerald R. Patterson

1985 John Money

1986 Martin T. Orne

Martin T. Orne

Citation

"For his efforts to integrate psychological theory and methods with the pragmatic concerns of psychotherapy, medicine, and law. Through his research he has helped practitioners to realize the potential benefits and limitations of hypnosis, lie detection, sleep, and biofeedback, and the roles played by specific and nonspecific factors in psychotherapy and behavioral medicine. His analysis of the social context of the experiment has elucidated the importance of demand characteristics in shaping experience and behavior, and helped alter the way in which both experimentalists and clinicians evaluate the reactions of subjects, clients, and patients. Psychologist, physician, scientist, clinician, editor, and expert witness, no one better exemplifies the theoretical and practical advantages of transcending disciplinary boundaries in the pursuit of our common goals."

Biography

Martin T. Orne was born in Vienna, Austria, on October 16, 1927, the second son of academically active physicians; his father was a surgeon and his mother, a psychiatrist. Throughout childhood he displayed an intellectual curiosity and an insistence on understanding why and how things work. Fortunately, his parents had an abiding commitment to such pursuits and tolerated the consequences of his desire to question assumptions generally taken for granted.

His family emigrated to the United States in 1938 near the end of his first year of Gymnasium. After he attended several schools in New York, including the Bronx High School of Science, his family moved to Boston, where he finished high school and entered Harvard College. As Orne turned 18 he left college and entered the army, where he was assigned to the Army Personnel Consultant's office, the primary function of which was to provide psychological services, including screening and testimony for administrative discharge. This assignment provided a fortuitous opportunity for him to gain an understanding of the practical application of psychological techniques. Because the war was ending, however, Orne shortly found himself as the sole member of the office, whereupon he realized his need to strengthen his knowledge of psychological matters. Being stationed near Rutgers University afforded him the opportunity to take a course and practicum with Anne Star, an outstanding clinical psychologist trained by L. Witmer. Thus, upon leaving the army after a year of service, he had clear goals for the future.

On returning to Harvard College, Orne changed his major to social relations. As an undergraduate student, he participated in the intellectual ferment that characterized that department's experiment in breaching the traditional disciplinary boundaries. In this climate, he was exposed to the diversity of perspectives provided by psychologists J. Bruner, L. Postman, E. Hanfmann, S. Stouffer, and G. Allport, by anthropologists C. Kluckhohn and F. Kluckhohn, and by sociologists T. Parsons and R. F. Bales, among others. The greatest impact on him, however, was to come from psychologists R. White, H. Murray, and R. Solomon.

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With Robert White as his undergraduate thesis advisor, Orne studied hypnotic age regression, a phenomenon he had become interested in while in the army. The study yielded unexpected results, and White encouraged publication of the thesis, insisting that Orne be sole author. White's refusal to share the credit for a student's intellectual efforts and his commitment to science left a lasting impression on Orne.

Orne met Henry Murray at the end of his undergraduate studies, when Murray served as one of his examiners for high honors. Murray was instrumental in Orne's becoming a Rantoul Scholar, which led to Orne's admission to Harvard graduate school in the Department of Social Relations. He encouraged Orne to spend the year prior to graduate school studying projective techniques in Zurich and provided introductions to C. Jung and other distinguished European colleagues. Later, Murray also provided Orne with an opportunity to work with his group on the personality assessment of healthy persons.

Although Orne was committed to the study of psychology, he was interested in both normal and troubled individuals. His graduate training at Harvard provided a social science perspective and methodological sophistication. However, the kind of research he intended to pursue also required the medical and biological perspectives of psychiatry. Consequently, after completing the course requirements of graduate school, Orne attended Tufts University Medical School while continuing to work in psychology in his spare time; he was a clinical psychologist at the New England Hospital and Westwood Lodge and pursued his research interests.

On completing medical school in 1955, Orne took an internship at Michael Reese Hospital and then returned to Boston on a United States Public Health Service postdoctoral research fellowship at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center (MMHC), where Professor Richard Solomon, with whom Orne had taken courses during graduate school, was in the process of extending his avoidance conditioning studies with dogs to humans. Although Orne continued his research in hypnosis, psychophysiology, and psychotherapy while at MMHC, his work with Solomon afforded him an appreciation of how learning theory could contribute to an understanding of psychiatric problems. During this time, Orne was also greatly influenced by psychiatrists M. Greenblatt, E. Semrad, and H. C. Solomon. The latter pursuaded him to begin his residency the following year at MMHC.

In 1958, Orne obtained his doctorate in clinical psychology from Harvard as he completed his first year of psychiatric residency. He became a lecturer in the Harvard Graduate School and an instructor at Harvard Medical School. During the second year of his residency, he founded the Hypnosis Research Project at MMHC. In 1960, he spent a semester in Australia at the University of Sydney as a Senior Fulbright Fellow. On finishing his residency in 1961, he became a senior research psychiatrist at MMHC and an associate in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard.

The events of the year 1962 proved to be particularly significant in Orne's life. Most notable was his marriage to Emily Farrell Carota, who had worked with him while she was a graduate student at Brandeis University; their fruitful collaboration continues to this day. During this period, he also accepted the editorship of the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, which under his stewardship has been rated as among the 31 core journals in psychology. He also helped found the Society for Psychophysiological Research. He published an article on the social psychology of the psychological experiment, which for a number of years was among the most widely cited articles in psychology. Finally, 1962 was the year he founded the Institute for Experimental Psychiatry.

Two years later, Orne received an offer from the University of Pennsylvania together with the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. With the help and encouragement of Professor Albert Stunkard, then Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, Orne moved his laboratory, the Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, to Philadelphia, where he has remained to the present day. By 1967, he had become a professor of psychiatry and an adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.

Orne's efforts during the years in Philadelphia have been prodigious, and his work has been influential; he is among the 100 most cited psychologists. His publications reflect his lifelong concerns about practical issues on the one hand and his interest in basic processes on the other. Orne holds the conviction that real-world application documents the ecological validity of laboratory findings just as laboratory research under controlled conditions is necessary to determine the relative contributions of different components of a phenomenon under study. He has

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conducted research in the areas of hypnosis, sleep, social psychophysiology, biofeedback, and psychotherapy. To study these applied areas in the laboratory, he has devised novel paradigmatic approaches. Thus, he is known both for his consistently creative solutions to complex problems brought into the laboratory and for his ability to generalize insights obtained in controlled research to settings outside the laboratory.

Orne thinks of himself as a hybrid: European and American, psychologist and psychiatrist, therapist and scientist. His career is characterized by an effort to bring together different disciplines, paradigms, and problems. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that he is as much at home in the clinic as in the laboratory, in the courtroom as in the classroom, in the study of subjective experience as in the study of behavior. Because of his diverse interests and approaches, it is difficult to characterize him as either an applied scientist or a basic scientist. Rather, his style reflects a healthy disregard for artificial dichotomies, and his accomplishments suggest the value of intellectual curiosity unfettered by disciplinary boundaries.

Bibliography

1951

The mechanisms of hypnotic age regression: An experimental study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 213-225.

1953

Hypnosis, hypnotherapy, and medical practice. Tufts Medical Journal, 21, 14-25.

With H. P. David & W. Rabinowitz. Qualitative and quantitative Szondi diagnosis. Journal of Projective Technology, 17, 75-78.

1954

Die Leistungsfahigkeit in Hypnose and im Wachzustand [The ability to work in hypnosis and in the wake condition]. Psychologische Rundschau, 5, 291-297.

With M. Brunner-Orne. Directive group therapy in the treatment of alcoholics: Technique and rationale. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 4, 293-302.

1956

With M. Brunner-Orne. Alcoholics. In S. R. Slavson (Ed.), The fields of group psychotherapy (pp. 76-95). New York: International Universities Press.

1959

The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 277-299.

1960

With D. N. O'Connell & B. Tursky. Electrodes for the recording of skin potential. Archives of General Psychiatry, 3, 252-258.

1961

The potential uses of hypnosis in interrogation. In A. D. Biderman & H. Zimmer (Eds.), The manipulation of human behavior (pp. 169­215). New York: Wiley.

1962

Antisocial behavior and hypnosis: Problems of control and validation in empirical studies. In G. H. Estabrooks (Ed.), Hypnosis: Current problems (pp. 137-192). New York: Harper & Row.

Hypnotically induced hallucinations. In L. J. West (Ed.), Hallucinations (pp. 211-219). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Implications for psychotherapy derived from current research on the nature of hypnosis. In J. Masserman (Ed.), Current psychiatric therapies (Vol. 2, pp. 75-85). New York: Grune & Stratton.

On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-783.

Problems and research areas. In Medical uses of hypnosis (pp. 676­689). New York: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.

With D. N. O'Connell. Bioelectric correlates of hypnosis: An experimental reevaluation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1, 201-213.

With R. E. Shor & D. N. O'Connell. Validation and cross-validation of a scale of self-reported personal experiences which predicts hypnotizability. Journal of Psychology, 53, 55-75.

1963

With E. C. Damaser & R. E. Shor. Physiological effects during hypnotically requested emotions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 25, 334-343.

With L. A. Gustafson. Effects of heightened motivation on the detectionof deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 408-411.

1964

A note on the occurrence of hypnosis without conscious intent. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 12, 75-77.

With L. A. Gustafson. The effects of task and method of stimulus presentation on the detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48, 383-387.

With K. E. Scheibe. The contribution of nondeprivation factors in the production of sensory deprivation effects: The psychology of the "panic button." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 3-12.

1965

Psychological factors maximizing resistance to stress: With special reference to hypnosis. In S. Z. Klausner (Ed.), The quest for self-control (pp. 286-328). New York: Macmillan.

Undesirable effects of hypnosis: The determinants and management. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 13, 226­2 37.

With J. C. Cobb, F. J. Evans, L. A. Gustafson, D. N. O'Connell, & R. E. Shor. Specific motor response during sleep to sleep-administered meaningful suggestion: An exploratory investigation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 20, 629-636.

With F J. Evans. Motivation, performance, and hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 13, 103-116.

With F. J. Evans. Social control in the psychological experiment: Antisocial behavior and hypnosis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 189-200.

With P. B. Field & F. J. Evans. Order of difficulty of suggestions during hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 13, 183-192.

With L. A. Gustafson. The effects of perceived role and role-success on the detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 412­417.

With L. A. Gustafson. The effects of verbal responses on the laboratory detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 2, 10-13.

With R. E. Shor (Eds.). The nature of hypnosis: Selected basic readings. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

1966

Demand characteristics and the set to cooperate. In Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress on Psychology: Symposium 14. Exper-

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imental analysis of set (pp. 153-162). Moscow: Science Publishing House.

Hypnosis, motivation and compliance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 711-726.

On the mechanisms of posthypnotic amnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 121-134.

With F. J. Evans. Inadvertent termination of hypnosis in hypnotized and simulating subjects. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 61-78.

With F. J. Evans, L. A. Gustafson, D. N. O'Connell, & R. E. Shor. Response during sleep with intervening waking amnesia. Science, 152, 666-667.

With D. N. O'Connell & R. E. Shor. A comparison of hypnotic susceptibility as assessed by diagnostic ratings and initial standardized test scores. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 14, 324-332.

With R. E. Shor & D. N. O'Connell. Psychological correlates of plateau hypnotizability in a special volunteer sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 80-95.

1967

What must a satisfactory theory of hypnosis explain? International Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 206-211.

With D. N. O'Connell. Diagnostic ratings of hypnotizability. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 15, 125-133.

With R. I. Thackray, Group GSR technique in the detection of deception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 809-816.

1968

On the nature of effective hope. International Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 403-410.

With C. H. Holland. On the ecological validity of laboratory deception. International Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 282-293.

With D. N. O'Connell. Endosomatic electrodermal correlates of hypnotic depth and susceptibility. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 6, 1-12.

With P. W. Sheehan. Some comments on the nature of posthypnotic behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 146, 209-220.

With P. W. Sheehan & F. J. Evans. Occurrence of posthypnotic behavior outside the experimental setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 189-196.

With R. I. Thackray. A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 4, 329-339.

With R. I. Thackray. Effects of the type of stimulus employed and the level of subject awareness on the detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52, 234-239.

With P. H. Wender. Anticipatory socialization for psychotherapy: Method and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1202-1212.

1969

Demand characteristics and the concept of quasi-controls. In R. Rosenthal & R. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research (pp. 143­179). New York: Academic Press.

On the nature of the posthypnotic suggestion. In L. Chertok (Ed.), Psychophysiological mechanisms of hypnosis (pp. 173-192). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

With F. J. Evans, L. A. Gustafson, D. N. O'Connell, & R. E. Shor. Sleep­induced behavioral response: Relationship to susceptibility to hypnosis and laboratory sleep patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148,467-476.

With T. H. McGlashan & F. J. Evans. The nature of hypnotic analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 31,227-246.

1970

From the subject's point of view, when is behavior private and when is it public: Problems of inference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 143-147.

Hypnosis. Naval Research Review, 23(5), 1-11.

Hypnosis, motivation and the ecological validity of the psychological experiment. In W. J. Arnold & M. M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 187-265). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

With F. J. Evans, L. A. Gustafson, D. N. O'Connell, & k. E. Shor. Verbally induced behavioral responses during sleep. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 150, 171-187.

With D. W. Fiske, H. F Hunt, L. Luborsky, M. G. Parloff, M. F Reiser, & A. H. Tuma. Planning of research on effectiveness of psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 22-32. (Also in American Psychologist, 25, 727-737)

With E. P. Nace. Fate of an uncompleted posthypnotic suggestion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, 278-286.

With D. N. O'Connell & R. E. Shor. Hypnotic age regression: An empirical and methodological analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76(Suppl. 3), 1-32.

1971

The simulation of hypnosis: Why, how and what it means. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 19, 183-210.

With F. J. Evans. The disappearing hypnotist: The use of simulating subjects to evaluate how subjects perceive experimental procedures. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 19, 277­296.

1972

Can a hypnotized subject be compelled to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 20, 101-117.

Hypnosis, state or role? In D. Langen (Ed.), Hypnosis and Psychosomatische Medizen [Hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine]. (pp. 19­31). Stuttgart, West Germany: Hippokrates Verlag.

On the simulating subject as a quasi-control group in hypnosis research: What, why, and how. In E. Fromm & R. E. Shor (Eds.), Hypnosis: Research developments and perspectives (pp. 399-433). Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.

With F J. Evans & L. Reich. Optokinetic nystagmus, eye movements, and hypnotically induced hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 154, 419-431.

With E. McGinnies. Conflict and change in the universities. In B. T. King & E. McGinnies (Eds.), Attitudes, conflict, and social change (pp. 55-80). New York: Academic Press.

With R. I. Thackray & D. A. Paskewitz. On the detection of deception -­ A model for the study of the physiological effects of psychological stimuli. In N. Greenfield & R. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 743-785). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

1973

Communication by the total experimental situation: Why it is important, how it is evaluated, and its significance for the ecological validity of findings. In P. Pliner, L. Krames, & T Alloway (Eds.), Communication and affect (pp. 157-191). New York: Academic Press.

Implications of laboratory research for the detection of deception. Polygraph, 2, 169-199.

With D. A. Paskewitz. Visual effects during alpha feedback training. Science, 181, 360-363.

1974

Pain suppression by hypnosis and related phenomena. In J. J. Bonica (Ed.), Advances in neurology: Vol. 4. Pain (pp. 563-572). New York: Raven Press.

With A. G. Hammer. Hypnosis. In Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th ed., pp. 133-140). Chicago: William Benton.

With J. J. Lynch & D. A. Paskewitz. Inter-session stability of human alpha rhythm densities. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 36, 538-540.

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With E. P. Nace & A. G. Hammer. Posthypnotic amnesia as an active psychic process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 257-260.

With D. A. Paskewitz. Aversive situational effects on alpha feedback training. Science, 186, 458-460.

1975

Hypnosis. In G. Lindzey, C. Hall, & R. Thompson (Eds.), Psychology (pp. 150-153). New York: Worth.

Implications of laboratory research for the detection of deception. In N. Ansley (Ed.), Legal admissibility of the polygraph (pp. 94-119). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

Psychotherapy in contemporary America: Its development and context. In D. X. Freedman & J. E. Dyrud (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry: Vol. 5. Treatment (pp. 1-33). New York: Basic Books.

1976

On the mechanisms of hypnotic pain control. In J. J. Bonica & D. Albe­Fessard (Eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy (pp. 717-731). New York: Raven Press.

With F. H. Frankel. Hypnotizability and phobic behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1259-1261.

1977

The construct of hypnosis: Implications of the definition for research and practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 296, 14­33.

Hypnosis in the treatment of smoking. In J. Steinfeld, W. Griffiths, K. P. Ball, & R. M. Taylor (Eds.), Smoking and health: II. Health consequences, education, cessation activities and social action: Pro­ceedings 3rd World Conference on Smoking and Health (DHEW Pub­lication No. NIH 77-1413, pp. 489-507). Washington, DC: U.S. De­partment of Health, Education, and Welfare.

The search for specific treatments in psychiatry. In J. P Brady, J. Mendels, M. T. Orne, & W. Rieger (Eds.), Psychiatry: Areas of promise and advancement (pp. 237-247). New York: Spectrum.

With F. J. Evans, M. R. Cook, H. D. Cohen, & E. C. Orne. Appetitive and replacement naps: EEG and behavior. Science, 197, 687-689.

With S. K. Wilson. Alpha, biofeedback and arousal/activation. In J. Beatty & H. Legewie (Eds.), NATO Conference Series III. Human Factors: Vol. 2. Biofeedback and behavior (pp. 107-120). New York: Plenum Press.

1978

Affidavit of Amicus Curiae, Quaglino v. People, U.S. Supreme Court No. 77-1288, cert. den. 11/27/78. In E. Margolin (Chair),16th Annual Defending Criminal Cases: The rapidly changing practice of criminal law (pp. 831-857). New York: Practising Law Institute.

Should psychiatrists be medically trained? Let's consider the alternatives in light of what the psychiatrist does. In J. P. Brady & H. K. H. Brodie (Eds.), Controversy in psychiatry (pp. 43-81). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

With D. F Dinges, E. C. Orne, & F. J. Evans. Voluntary self-control of sleep to facilitate quasi-continuous performance. Fort Detrick, MD: U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. (NTIS No. AD-A 117381)

With C. W Perry, F. J. Evans, D. N. O'Connell, & E. C. Orne. Behavioral response to verbal stimuli administered and tested during REM sleep: A further investigation. Waking and Sleeping, 2, 35-42.

With W. M. Waid, E. C. Orne, & M. R. Cook. Effects of attention, as indexed by subsequent memory, on electrodermal detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 728-733.

With S. K. Wilson. On the nature of alpha feedback training. In G. Schwartz & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research (Vol. 2, pp. 359-400). New York: Plenum Press.

1979

Cognitive factors in the control of pain, In L. L. Grossman (Ed.), Mechanism and control of pain: Transactions of the Sixth Annual Conference on Endodontics (pp. 213-218). New York: Masson.

The efficacy of biofeedback therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 30, 489-503.

The use and misuse of hypnosis in court. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 311-341.

With E. R. Hilgard, H. Spiegel, D. Spiegel, H. J. Crawford, F. J. Evans, E. C. Orne, & E. J. Frischholz. The relation between the Hypnotic Induction Profile and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, Forms A and C. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 85-102.

With W. M. Waid & S. K. Wilson. Effects of level of socialization on electrodermal detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 16, 15-22.

1980

Assessment of biofeedback therapy: Specific versus nonspecific effects. In Task force report No. 19: Biofeedback (pp. 12-32). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Hypnosis. In Academic American encyclopedia (Vol. 10, pp. 350-351). Princeton, NJ: Arete.

Hypnotic control of pain: Toward a clarification of the different psychological processes involved. In J. J. Bonica (Ed.), Pain (pp. 155­172). New York: Raven Press.

Nonpharmacological approaches to pain relief: Hypnosis, biofeedback, placebo effects. In KY. Ng & J. Bonica (Eds.), Pain, discomfort and humanitarian care (pp. 253-274). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Hol­land.

On the construct of hypnosis: How its definition affects research and its clinical application. In G. Burrows & L. Dennerstein (Eds.), Handbook of hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine (pp. 29-51). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland.

With D. F. Dinges, E. C. Orne, & F. J. Evans. Voluntary self-control of sleep to facilitate quasi-continuous performance. Fort Detrick, MD: U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. (NTIS No. AD-A102264)

With J. F. Kihlstrom, F. J. Evans, & E. C. Orne. Attempting to breach posthypnotic amnesia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 605-616.

With W. M. Waid. Individual differences in electrodermal lability and the detection of information and deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 1-8.

1981

The significance of unwitting cues for experimental outcomes: Toward a pragmatic approach. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 364,152-168.

The use and misuse of hypnosis in court. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice (pp. 61-104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The why and how of a contribution to the literature: A brief communication. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 29, 1-4.

With D. F. Dinges, E. C. Orne, & F J. Evans. Behavioral patterns in habitual nappers. Sleep Research, 10, 136.

With D. F. Dinges, E. C. Orne, & F. J. Evans. Performance after naps in sleep-conducive and alerting environments. In L. C. Johnson, D. I. Tepas, W. P. Colquhoun, & M. J. Colligan (Eds.), The 24-hour workday: A symposium on variations in work-sleep schedules (pp. 677-692). Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (Also in L. C. Johnson, D. I. Tepas, W. P. Colquhoun, & M. J. Colligan (Eds.), Biological rhythms: Sleep and shift work: Vol. 7. Advances in sleep research [pp. 539-552], New York: Spectrum)

With K. McConkey. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis. In L. Kristal (Ed.), The ABC of psychology (pp. 115-118). London: Multimedia Publications.

With K. M. McConkey. Toward convergent inquiry into self-hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 29, 313­323.

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With H. M. Pettinati, F. J. Evans, & E. C. Orne. Restricted use of success cues in retrieval during posthypnotic amnesia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 345-353.

With W. M. Waid. Cognitive, social, and personality processes in the physiological detection of deception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 61-106). New York: Academic Press.

With W. M. Waid, E, C. Orne, & M. R. Cook. Meprobamate reduces the accuracy of physiological detection of deception. Science, 212, 71-73.

With W. M. Waid & S. K. Wilson. Cross-modal physiological effects of electrodermal lability in the detection of deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1118-1125.

1982

Perspectives in biofeedback: Ten years ago, today, and. . . . In L. White & B. Tursky (Eds.), Clinical biofeedback: Efficacy and mechanism (pp. 422-437). New York: Guilford.

With D. F. Dinges & E. C. Orne. Napping: Symptom or adaptation? Sleep Research, 11, 100.

With R. L. Home & F J. Evans. Random number generation, psychopathology, and therapeutic change. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 680-683.

With W. M. Waid. The physiological detection of deception. American Scientist, 70, 402-409.

With W. M. Waid. Reduced electrodermal response to conflict, failure to inhibit dominant behaviors, and delinquency proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 769-774.

1983

Hypnotic methods for managing pain. In J. J. Bonica, U. Lindblom, & A. Iggo (Eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy (Vol. 5., pp. 847-855). New York: Raven Press.

With D. F Dinges & E. C. Orne. Napping in North America: A siesta rhythm? Sleep Research, 12, 29.

1984

Psychotherapy: Toward an appropriate basis for reimbursal. In Z. Taintor, P. Widem, & S. Barrett (Eds.), Cost considerations in mental health treatment: Settings, modalities, and providers (DHHS Publication No. ADM 84-1295, pp. 55-60). Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.

With D. F Dinges. Hypnosis. In P. D. Wall & R. Melzack (Eds.), Textbook of pain (pp. 806-816). London: Churchill Livingstone.

With D. F Dinges & E. C. Orne. The forensic use of hypnosis. In Research in brief (pp. 1-5). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

With D. F Dinges & E. C. Orne. On the differential diagnosis of multiple personality in the forensic context. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 32, 118-169.

With D. F. Dinges & E. C. Orne. Sleepiness during sleep deprivation: The effects of performance demands and circadian phase. Sleep Research, 13, 189.

With D. A. Soskis, D. F Dinges, & E. C. Orne. Hypnotically induced testimony. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives (pp. 171-213). Boston: Cambridge University Press.

1985

With D. F Dinges & E. C. Orne. Assessing performance upon abrupt awakening from naps during quasi-continuous operations. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 17, 37-45.

With D. F. Dinges & E. C. Orne. Sleep depth and other factors associated with performance upon abrupt awakening. Sleep Research, 14, 92.

With D. A. Soskis, D. F. Dinges, E. C. Orne, & M. H. Tonry. Hypnotically refreshed testimony: Enhanced memory or tampering with evidence? In Issues and practices in criminal justice (pp. 1-62). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

1986

With D. F Dinges & E. C. Orne. Hypnotic experience: A cognitive social psychological reality. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 93, 477­478.

With D. F. Dinges, E. C. Orne, & W. G. Whitehouse. Napping to sustain performance and mood: Effects of circadian phase and sleep loss. In M. Haider, M. Koller, & R. Cervinka (Eds.), Night and shift work: Longterm effects and their prevention: Vol. 3. Studies in industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 23-3 5). Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang.

With D. F. Dinges, W. G. Whitehouse, & E. C. Orne. Napping to sustain performance and mood: Effects of circadian phase and sleep loss. Sleep Research, 15, 214.

In Press

With D. F Dinges. Forensic use of hypnosis. In G. Adelman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: Birkhauser Boston.

With D. F Dinges. Hypnosis. In G. Adelman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: Birkhauser Boston.

With D. F Dinges. Hypnosis. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry V. Baltimore, MD:, Williams & Wilkins.

With D. F Dinges, W. G. Whitehouse, & E. C. Orne. Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: Contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness. Sleep.

With F. H. Frankel. Treatment of anxiety and panic disorders: Strategies of relaxation, self-control, and fear-mastery. In American Psychiatric Association (Ed.), Task Force on Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

With W. G. Whitehouse, D. F Dinges, & E. C. Orne. Reconstructing memory through hypnosis: Forensic and clinical implications. In H. M. Pettinati (Ed.), Hypnosis and memory. New York: Guilford Press.